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The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2000 species in roughly 87 genera, it is regarded as the largest family of lichen forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: ''Xanthoparmelia'' (800+ species), ''Usnea'' (500+ species), ''Parmotrema'' (350+ species), and ''Hypotrachyna'' (190+ species).〔〔 Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often ''Trebouxia'' spp., but ''Asterochloris'' spp. are known to associate with some species).〔Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf〕 The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is enormous, and many specimens are exceedingly difficult to identify down to the species level. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, and can be found in a wide range of habitats and climatic regions. This includes everywhere from roadside pavement to alpine rocks, from tropical rainforest trees to subshrubs in the arctic tundra. Members of the Parmeliaceae can be found in most terrestrial environments. ==Taxonomy== Based on several molecular phylogenetic studies, the Parmeliaceae as currently circumscribed has been shown to be a monophyletic group. This circumscription is inclusive of the previously described families Alectoriaceae, Anziaceae, Hypogymniaceae, and Usneaceae, which are all no longer recognised by most lichen systematists. However, despite the family being one of the most thoroughly studied groups of lichens, several relationships within the family still remain unclear. Phylogenetic analysis tentatively supports the existence of six separate clades in the family:〔 *Alectorioid clade (3 genera) *Cetrarioid clade (8 genera) *Hypogymnioid clade (4 genera) *Letharioid clade (2 genera) *Parmelioid clade (26 genera) *Psiloparmelioid clade (2 genera) However, this still leaves roughly 42 Parmeliaceae genera unplaced. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parmeliaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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